Manufacture of carbamates from amides



United Smtes Patent Otfice 2,943,108 Patented June 28, 196i) 2,943,108 MANUFACTURE OF CARBAMATES FROM AMIDES Jack S. Newcomer, Wilson, Keith J. Smith, Lockport, and Jerome Linder, Niagara Falls, N.Y., assignors to Hooker Chemical Corporation, Niagara Falls, N.Y.,- a corporation of New York No Drawing. Original application Ja'n. 21, 1955, Ser. No. 483,436, new Patent No. 2,860,166, dated Nov. 11, 1958. Divided and this application Mar. 31, 1958, Ser. No. 729,046

13 Claims. (Cl. 260-471) This invention relates to a new method for the transformation of amides to carbamates.

It is an object of this invention to provide a process for the conversion of amides to carbamates wherein the extent of the undesirable side reaction is reduced to a negligible figure. A second object is to affect the dehydrochlorination and rearrangement reaction in high yields. A third object is to aifect the reaction without the hydrolysis of the amide to the undesirable acid salt and ammonia. A fourth object is to affect the reaction Without the hydrolysis of the carbamate to the undesired amine and carbon dioxide. A fifth object is to alfect the reaction to produce carbamates in high yields even in the presence of substantial percentages of Water.- A sixth object is to affect the reaction to produce carbamates in high yield even in the presence of substantial percentages of water and also at temperatures considerably above room temperature. A seventh object is to afiect the.- reaction to produce carbamates in high yields without'the use of refrigeration. An eighth object is to provide a re action for the conversion of amides to carbamates which is easily controlled. A ninth object is to provide a successful method for the preparation of chloroalkyl carbamates in high yields by the reaction oframides with halogen-containing alcohols without affecting the dehy: drochlorination of the chloro-alcohol or of the resulting chol oralkyl carbamate. A'tenth object is to provide a method for converting amides to-carbamates in high yields which does not require the use of expensive reagents. An eleventh object is to provide a method which does not require expensive equipment for the preparation, reaction, and recovery of the chemical materials involved.

These and other objects are accomplished by the invention described herein as will become more apparent hereinafter.

' PRIOR ART Although the conversion of amides to carbamates has found rather Wide use as an academic laboratory reaction (Organic Reactions, vol. III, JohnWiley & Sons, 1947,

pages 267306), there has been very little commercial application of the reaction because ofcertain undesirablecharacteristics inherent the nature of the processes available in the literature.

required the followingthree reactions: Y

(a) Reaction of the amide with halogenating agent to form an N-chloroamide by chlorination:

i R-C-NHa (Amide) ll R-O-NHCl +3101 (1) (N-chloroamide) I (N -chlor0amide) (Strong (Isocyanate) alkali) Fundamentally the art has taught that the conversion of an amide to a carbamate and (0) Reaction of the isocyanate with an alcohol to forrn a carbamate by addition:

(Amide) (Strong (Organic (Ammonia) p 7 alkali) acid salt) f The ammonia which is formed may react with the halo-1 gen to form the highly explosive nitrogen tn'halides which;

may decompose suddenly to nitrogen and'chlorine.

Another side reaction involves reaction of the strong alkali with the carbamatevto form upon hydrolysis an undesired amine. This reaction is illustratediby Equation 5: i

The product is exceptionally unstable and decomposes to produce an amine and carbon dioxide. Still another side reaction involves reaction of the strong alkali with the alcohol, such as may occur when the alcohol contains halogen groupings. This dehydrochlorination reaction is illustrated by Equation 6:

0 V (6) (Ethylene (Strong (Ethylene chlorohydrin) alkali) oxide) (Chloroalkyl carbamate) (Strong V V (Oxazolidone) I alkali) x :1.

A fifth side reaction which may be attributed to the halogenating the amide. I I A While an alkali is necessary to promotethe desired 1 reaction, it has been observed that the above undesirable side reactions are caused by the presence of the hydrox'yli The literature describes the use -offtwo" types of strong alkali systems to promote the rearrange f atent of amides .to carbamates.

group (OH) The favored calls for the use of metallic alkoxide as the strong alkali, as illustrated by Equation 8:

H R OH RCNHz+ Ch +2M-OCH2R (Amide) (Halogenating (Metallic agent) alkoxide) ll RNHC--OCH:R 2M-Cl +R -OH2OH (Garbamate) (Metallic (Alcohol) halide) Although metallic alkoxides, when anhydrous and when placed in an anhydrous system, do not give rise to hydroxyl groups, the use of such materials presents serious disadvantages which have limited this method for affecting the rearrangement, at the best, to small scale manufacturing operations. Further, since two moles of metallic alkoxide are required for each mole of amide, the high cost of metallic alkoxides alone has been sufficient to prohibit the use of this method for afiecting the conversion from being considered for the large scale production of carbamates. Still further, alkoxides are so extremely hygroscopic that mere exposure to the atmosphere converts them to the alcohol and caustic; and hence, to' hydroxyl groups as illustrated by Equation 9:

, 'I h e hydroxyl groups from the caustic thus formed, then promote the above described undesirable side reactions. Another factor of importance concerns the fact that commercial alkoxides contain up to two percent by weight of caustic. Hence, when alkoxides are employed as the strongalkali, the alkoxides, as well as all other ingredients which go into the reaction, must be thoroughly dried and meticulous precautions must be taken to prevent exposure to even a small amount of water. As little as one percent of water (or molar caustic equivalent) in the re action mixture is sufficient to allow the side reactions to gorampant without the formation of any, or at the best, only a few percent yield of carbamate. A further dis advantage of the use of metallic alkoxides is the fact that being extremely strong bases, they react with chlorinated alcohols even under strictly anhydrous conditions. This type of reaction is illustrated by Equation 10:

tttitt? athlete) CHHCH+ MCl +E om-H 0 1o) (Ethylene (Alkali (Alcohol) oxide) chloride) Therefore, it has been impossible to prepare chloroalkyl carbamates by reacting amides with chlorinated alcohols, such as ethylene chlorohydrin, using metallic alkoxides' as the strong alkali for affecting the reaction.

In the second or alternate procedure disclosed in the literature, the strong alkali used to maintain the strongly basic system has been sodium or potassium hydroxide, as illustrated by Equation 11:

that quite often the major products are found to be ureas of a variety of types, rather than the desired carbamate. It follows that any savings in cost that can be realized by using caustic in place of alkoxides are more than offset by the lower yields which are obtained and by the need for affecting the reaction under refrigeration conditions. A further disadvantage of using an alkali metal hydroxide is that the effective halogenating agent is sodium (or potassium) hypohalite which requires a very dilute solution and hence prments problems in the processing of very large volumes of materials to obtain a small amount of desired product.

Thus, it is apparent that, using eitherof the general procedures described in the literature, the conversion of amides to carbamates was bound to remain only of academic interest. Evidence of this is seen in the fact that most carbamates which are presently of commercial value are being prepared by more economical reactions which do not involve the use of an amide.

THE PRESENT INVENTION The objects of this invention are accomplished by our discovery that strong alkalies such as caustic and metallic alkoxides are not necessary to promote the conversion of amides to carbamates. We have discovered further that relatively weaker bases are very effective in promoting the desired reaction, and yet do not also promote the undesirable side reactions to the extent that the stronger bases riseidby the prior workers have done. The weak bases, which we have found to have these properties are the alkali metal and alkaline earth carbonates, (Coy); bicarbonates, (HCO borates, (HB2O4 and (B O phosphates, (PO.;); monohydrogen phosphates (HPO hydrogen phosphites, (HPO3 hydrogen arsenates, (HA O cyanides, (CN); silicates; cyanurates, etc. and also the alkaline earth hydroxides, oxides and alkoxides. The ionization constants of the acids of these anions are greater than 1 10- except the hydroxides and oxides. Specifically excluded from these weak bases are the strong bases, that is, the alkali metal oxides, hydroxides, alkoxides, etc. Alkali metal cations to be included within the scope of this invention are: Lithium (Li Sodium (Na Potassium (K+), Rubidium (Rbt), and Cesium (Cs' Those cations which for the purposes of this invention are to be considered as alkaline earth cations are: Magnesium (Mg++), Calcium (Ca Z inc(Zn++), Barium (Ba++), and Aluminum (Al+++). The weak bases to be used in the process of this invention are therefore materials such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium borate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, and mixtures thereof. And of these weak bases, we prefer to use sodium carbonate (ordinary commercial soda ash) mainly for the reason that it is the cheapest material of those from which to select. The reaction using soda ash is illustrated by Equation 1 2:

(Amide) (Sodium chlorine (Alcohol) carbonate) 5 RNH-COCHzR+2NaCl-l-COil-H20 (Carbamate) (12) Amides to be embraced within the scope of this invention are the primary organic amides which undergo rearrangement to a carbamate Included among these chemicals are: aliphatic acyclic amides, such as acetamide, propionamide, butyramide, valeramide, caproamide, enanthamide, caprylamide, lauramide, oleamide, palmitamide, stearamide, malonamide, adipamide, acrylamide,

urea, rnethylurea, ethyl urea, and the like; aliphatic cyclic amides, such as cyclohexanecarboxamide, cyclopentanecarboxamide, furfuralcarboxamide, tetrahydrofurfuralcarchlorobenzamide; isomers of dinitrobenzamide; isomers of 'demethoxybenzamide; o, m, and p-methylbenzamide; dichloroacetamide, trichloroacrylamide and the like. Substituted amides are found in general to be more suitable for this rearrangement reaction, for the substituents tend to inactivate that part of the molecule to which the carboxamide group is attached. Among the substituent groups which we contemplate using are fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, nitro, amino, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, ethyl, ethoxy, etc.; The N-chloro organic amides also are to be includedwithin the scope of the definition of the term amides for we have found that the N-chloro derivative of the particular organic amide to be reacted may be advantageously useful in affecting the conversion of this invention. 'In' some cases the N-dichloro organic amides may also be useful in our process.

\ 'Thus in general, this invention is not restricted to the nature of the amide. r

The halogenating agent may be gaseous chlorine, bromine and mixtures thereof, with chlorine being preferred because of economic considerations.

Preferred alcohols to be embraced within the scope of this invention can be defined as wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitrogen, and organic radicals. Among the alcohols 'which' are embraced within the preferred scope of this invention are aliphatic acyclic alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol,- propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, crotyl alcohol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecyl alcohol, dodecyl alcolhol, tetradecyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, octadecyl alcohol, ethyl hexanoland the like; aliphatic cyclic alcohols, such as cyclohexanol, cyclobutylcarbinol, cyclopentanol, furfuryl alcocol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol and the like; aromatic alcohols, such as benzyl alcohol, biphenyl carbinol,

' methylphenyl carbinol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, and the like;

substitutedalcohols such as chloropropanol, alcohols of the general formula HOCH CH --X where X may be thiocyano, chloro, bromo, lower alkyl, cyano, carboxy, etc.', ethoxy ethyl alcohol, butoxy ethanol, ethylenechlorohydrin, 2-chloropropanol, 2-bromoethanol, dichloropropanol, and the like. Among the substituent groups which we contemplate using on any of the alcohols tobe used in afiecting the process of this invention are c'arboxy, .fluoro, bromo, methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxy, trifiuoromthyl, nitro, chloro chlorornethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, and the like. Also to be included among the preferred alcohols of this invention are polyhydric alcohols, such as, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, glycol, polyethyl-' ene glycol's, substituted derivatives thereof, and the like. In these cases the ester (carbamate) produced may contain no hydroxy groups or may be a hydroxy ester. When unsaturated aliphatic alcohols are employed, some reaction between the halogen and the unsaturated alcohol takes place. Therefore, we prefer to employ saturated alcohols or substituted unsaturated alcohols where the substituent tends to inactivate the unsaturated group to further halogenation under the reaction conditions utilized in affecting the process of this invention.

Under certain conditions secondary alcohols can also a be embraced within the scope of this invention. Such secondary alcohols are isopropanol, sec-butanol, sec)- amyl alcohol, sec.-hexyl alcohol, sec.-octyl alcohol, sec.--

nonyl alcohol, and the'like.

The product, carbamates, to be included the scope of this invention are the compounds having the general formula where R is an organic radical attached directly to the.

gen and nitrogen. Thus, for the purpose of this invention urea-type compounds are to be included within the scope of the definition of the broad term carbamate."

CONDITIONS OF REACTION The method of this invention comprises introducing the halogen into a mixture of about one molecular part of amide and about two or more basic equivalents of the weakly basic reagent in an alcoholic suspension or solution. For attainment of highest conversions, at least one molecular part of halogen is employed per molecular part of amide. Smaller quantities of halogen can be used, but only partial conversion of the amide to the carbama ate occurs under these conditions, thus necessitating recycling operations. When one molecular part of chlm rine is employed, the reaction is expressed as in Equation 12; When using an aromaticamide, such as benzamide or ehlorobenzamides, it is, often desirable to introduce two or more molecular parts of halogen in order to obtain a carbamate containing. at least, one, chlorine'atom, in additionto the total of" the chlorine atoms initially, present in the amide and the alcohol. For example, the excellent herbicide betachloroethyl chlorophenyl carbamate is readily obtained as illustrated by Equationv 1 3. I

, NHC OICHRCHKQI Similarly, when metachlorobenzamide is employed instead of benzamide, there is obtained betachloroethyl N dichlorophenyl carbamate, also an excellent herbicide. It follows that the quantity of halogen employed is not' a limiting part of the invention, and maybe used in quantities depending upon the extent of halogen content of carbamate which is desired.

The quantity of weakly basic reagent to be used is preferably at least two equivalents per each molecular part of chlorine which is employed. An amount of basic reagent in excess of these requirements, e.g. slightly greater than two equivalents per mole of halogen, is often desirable in order to obtain maximum conversions. much as twelve equivalents of basic reagent per mole of halogen have been used without appreciably effecting.

the yield, however such practice is not preferred because of economical considerations.

The "weakly basic ingredient may be anhydrous or may contain considerable quantities of 'water. Forex:

ample, high yields of carbamates have been obtained using soda ash which contains as much as 17 percent ash is favored for use.

:Thtemperature conditions for the I amides to earbamatcs may be varied considerably'when using a weaker base, as defined, for promoting the reaction. The halogen has been introduced in the reaction mixture toatfect the conversion at temperatures varying from zero degrees centigrade to 125 degrees centigrade. When the halogen is introduced at temperatures below 40 degrees centigrade, it is necessary that during the latter part of the reaction heat be applied at least to 40 degrees centigrade, and preferably to 50 to 70 degrees centigrade in order to affect the reaction substantially to completion. Temperatures of 100 to 125 degrees centigrade are higher than usually required, although good yields maybe obtained under these conditions. When using a chlorinated alcohol, such as ethylene chlorohydrin or dichloropropanol, temperatures of 100 to 125 degrees centigrade cause appreciable side-reaction of the weakly basic ingredient with the alcohol. This undesirable feature is avoided by operating at temperatures preferably not exceeding about 70 degrees centigrade. As a general rule, maximum operating temperatures of about 80 degrees centigrade are preferred, the halogen being introduced below this temperature and above 40 degrees centigrade. When the halogen is introduced at temperatures below about 40 degrees centigrade followed by application of heat to 50 to 80 degrees centigrade, 8. decrease in yield of carbamate is usually obtained, however, this method of operation is sometimes required to secure the desired carbamate. For example, when ethylene chlorohydrin is used as the alcohol, the temperature conditions are important in determining the type of carbamate which is obtained. By operating at temperatures at between 50 and 125 degrees centigrade, even when only one mole of halogen is used per mole of amide, there is obtained considerable unreacted amide and the product unexpectedly is found to contain one chlorine atom in addition to the total of the chlorine atoms in the amide and the ethylene chlorohydrin. However, if the halogen is introduced at temperatures below about 30 degrees centigrade, preferably at zero to 10 degrees centigrade, and the reaction mixture is added gradually to a heated zone maintained at 60 to 80 degrees centigrade, there is obtained an excellent yield of carbamate containing the same number of chlorine atoms as the total of such atoms in the amide and the ethylene chlorohydrin.

In the practice of this invention, the halogen is the last ingredient added in any order which is most conveuient. For example, the amide may be added to an alcoholic suspension of the weakly basic ingredient, the weakly basic ingredient may be added to a solution of the amide in alcohol, or the alcohol may be added to a mixture of the weakly basic ingredient and amide. When using a chlorinated alcohol, it is preferable to combine the amide and alcohol, heat or cool to the desired reaction temperature, then add the weakly basic ingredient and finally add the halogen. This procedure is preferred in -the ca se of the use of chlorinated alcohols, since the weakly basic reagent has less opportunity to react with the chlorinated alcohol.

Upon conclusion of addition of the halogen, the reaction mixture may be processed by a variety of procedures which are not critical to the invention. The entire reaction mixture has been added to water, which dissolves inorganic material, dilutes the alcohol, and precipitates the carbamate. Another method involves evaporation of the alcohol, both with and without the addition of a hydrocarbon to affect azeotropic distillation. When a hydrocarbon, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and chlorobenzene are employed, an excess of such material is used so that upon complete removal of the alcohe'l, the mixture consists of a suspension of inorganic material in a hydrocarbon containing the carbamate in solution. The carbamate is readily recovered by filtra tion and crystallization, by washing out the inorganic material with water followed by crystallization of the no on organic layer, or simply by water washing to leave the carbamate in a hydrocarbon solution suitablefor as such. None of these operational procedures are,

to the practice of the invention. 1

The formation of methyl-m-chlorophenyl carbamate occurs in two distinct energy levels. The first step or energy level involves the chlorination of metachloro' benzamide to the compound N-chloro-m-chlorobenzamide which is believed to be a new composition of ma r ii C-N'Hz C-NHC1 N-chloro-mchlorohenzamide u i (fi-NHOI NC1:

+o1, +HC1 C1 N-dichloro-mchlorobenzamide In the alcoholic solution this compound is extremely unstable, evolving chlorine and nitrogen at even minus 60 degrees centigrade, and the strong hypochlorite odor given off by the solution gave way to the very sweet odor of a benzoate.

The second step or energy level in the formation of methyl-m-chloro phenyl carbamate involves the combined dehydrochlorination and rearrangement of the N- chlorom-chloro benzamide.

i t i C-NHC1 N-CO-CHa CHsO H +Naz00; +NaCl+H1O+C 0: Cl -01 Methyl-m-chlorophenylcarbamute These reactions, as combined into one overall equation above (12) occur very rapidly at temperatures above 40 degrees centigrade, and the yields are very high.

When the reaction mixture containing N-chloro-mchloro benzamide is heated to 30 degrees centigrade, a by-product N-m-chlorophenyl-N-m-chloro benzoyl urea was recovered which is believed to be formed by the following general equation:

0 0 c1 0 H o H o H II I] I II I ll 1 I N-m-Chlorophenyl-N'-m-chlorobenzoy1 1m This compound was also isolated and is believed to be a new composition of matter. Its melting point is 212-213 degrees centigrade and its analysis was calculated: chlorine 23.0 percent; nitrogen 9.06 percent; found: chlorine 23.0 percent; nitrogen 8.95 percent. It is odorless :andpractically unsoluble in the common organic solvents and only has a solubility of 0.3 percent in boiling acetone. It formed a soluble sodium salt in methanol which wasprecipitated unchanged (melting point and mixed melting point) upon addition of HCl. The com-. pound believed to be the intermediate structure is a very unstableoil at 30 deegrees centigrade, giving a strong odor of hypochlorite-type compounds and was very soluble in methanol. 1

It is most interesting to us that when this by-product was not isolated from the reaction mixture and the mixture subsequently heated to above 40 degrees centigrade (e.g. 65 degrees centigrade), substantially no trace of this easily recoverable compound was obtained. We conclude, therefore, that due to the high theoretical yield of methyl-m-chlorophenyl carbamate, the N-chloro compound (believed to be the intermediate derivative in the above equation), reacted with methanol at these elevated temperatures to undergo cleavage and form the desired methyl-m-chlorophenyl carbamate.

The carbamates of this invention are potent nerbicides. For example, betachloroethyl N-phenyl carbamate, betachloroethyl, N-chlorophenyl carbamate, betachloroethyl N-dichloro-phenyl carbamate, methly N-chlorophenyl carbamate, and glycol N-chlorophenyl carbamates show high degrees of selectivity in both preemergence and post emergence application to field crops and weeds.

It is of particular importance that the process of this invention may also be useful in the production of diand tri functional carbamates which are starting'mate rials for making poly urethan polymers. This reaction is illustrated below:

Other polyamide starting materials may also be used, such as p-diacetamide benzene, adipamide, isophthalicdiamide, and the like. Also imides, such as phthalimide,

maleic imide, isophthalimide, the imide of a hexahalo bic yclo (2,2,1)'heptene-2,3 dicarboximide such as 4,5,6,7,8,8-hexachloro bicyclo (2,2,1) heptene-2,3-dicarboximide, and the like. a v Thus,'the urethans producedby the process of this in vention might be applied to alkyds, polyesters, and in generalany polymer field which involves the use of di or tri carboxylic acids, anhydrides, acid chlorides, amides, imides or other derivatives of dicarboxylic acids. For example the methyl urethan of maleic acid produced by the reaction of maleic diamide with niethanol'in the presence of a halogenating agent and a weak base in accordance with our invention may be effective in the same or similar uses for which maleic anhydride and maleic acid arefnow being used. Further, copolymers of uf'ethansoil diurethans with maleic acid .or'anhydride may also have distinct advantages over other type polymers. .The'

potentialities of economical methods for preparing'diurethans and polyurethans will be readily recognized by one skilled in the art of polymer production; Already. t

certain of the polymers have been useful as fiberslfor bristles, ladies hosiery, protective clothing, lacquers, fast drying oils, molding compounds, plastic foam, and ad hesives'. T s f:

The following examples are given to illustrate the general methods formaking representative compounds of.

this invention, but we do not wish to be specifically: 7

limited thereto except as defined in the appended claims- Example 1 Part'A.--By following the generalized procedure outlined in Organic Reactions, volume III an attempt was made. to convert 3-chlorobenzamide to methyl 3-'- chlorophenyl carbamate. Utilizing chlorine as the halo gen, 2.0 moles of sodium were dissolved in 2 litres of dry methanol to form a solution of sodium methylate. 155.5 grams (1.0 mole) of 3-chlorobenzamide was dissolvedin the methylate solution at room temperature, whereupon 71 grams (1.0 mole) of gaseous chlorine was introduced into the agitated solution during a period of 20 minutes at 10-15 degrees centigrade. After the chlorine addition, the creamy-milky reaction mixture was heated to the boiling point (64 degrees centigrade) 'dur-,.- ing a periodof 1-0 minutes, and maintained at the boiling point for 3minutes. At this time, the reaction mixture was neutral showing complete consumption of sodium methylate. The mixture was evaporated to one-third. the original volume, cooled, and filtered to removethe suspended solid, which was found to be essentially sodium chloride. The methanol in the filtrate was removed by evaporationand replaced by benzene. tion from benzene gave 65 grams of recovered 3-chlorobenzamide (identified by mixed melting point,'M.P. C.). The resulting filtrate was distilled -8 mm. to give 23 grams of a crude fraction boiling at 128 to 'de-' grees centigrade and containing 23.1 percent chlori'n'e,43 grams of a material boiling at 155 to 180 degrees centigrade and containing 36.5 percent chlorine (theory for N-chloro-3-chlorobenzamide is 37.2 percent chlorine), and 10.5 grams of higher boiling material. No methyl 3-chlorophenyl ,carbamate (M.P. 83-84 C., 19.1."percent chlorine) was obtained, although it is conceivable centage of this material, possibly great enough totcorrei A I spend to a conversion of say 5 percent.

Part B.By performing the reaction similarly the boiling point, of th'emixture (64 CJ), there was"oh V tainedrecoveredamide and a'sixty-five percentc'onver sion tomethyh3-chlorophenyl carbamate.

V :7 Example THE sYs'r M; tonnononnnzmron, sonrun nnrnr'na rn, cnnonrnn, Mn'rrmnor. p

155.5 grams (1.0 mole) of'4-chlorobenzamide was add; '3

ed to. a solution 9f 46 grams (2.0 mol s) Crystallizaas de? scribed in Part-A, except using twice the quantity of sodium methylate, 3-chlorobenzamide was recovered and a 60 percent: conversion to methyl 3-chlorophenyl bamate. .Thcarbamate was readily separated from un:

11 litres of drymethanol. 79' grams (1J1 moles) of chlorine gas was introduced into the agitated solution during a period of 50 minutes at to 17 degrees centigrade. After the chlorine addition, the mixture was heated to the boiling point (65 C.) during a period of 25 minutes.

The cooled mixture was diluted with 7 litres of water and filtered. After a thorough washing with water and drying, the white solid product weighed 147 grams and had a melting range of 186 to 188.6 degrees centigrade. Recrystallization from methanol gave pure N-chloro-4- chlorobenzamide (M.P. 189.2 to 190.4" C.; percent total chlorine: calculated: 7.37; found: 7.32).

Example 3 THE SYSTEM: 3 CHLOROBENZAMIDE, SODIUM ISO- PROPYLATE, CHLORINE, ISOPROPANOL 155.5 grams (1.0 mole) of 3-chlorobenzamide was added to a solution of 46 grams (2.0 moles) sodium in 2 litres (0.04 percent water) of anhydrous isopropanol. Chlorine gas (71 grams, 1.0 mole) was introduced into the agitated mixture during a period of 50 minutes as the temperature increased from 33 to 70 degrees centigrade. The slightly acidic mixture was evaporated to dryness on the steam bath, and the resulting pasty mass was agitated at room temperature with 3 litres of water. Carbon tetrachloride (3 litres) was then added and the mixture vigorously agitated. Filtration and drying gave 27 grams of N-(3-chlorophcnyl)-l-l-(3-chlorobenzoyl) urea. The carbon tetrachloride layer from the filtrate was evaporated on the steam bath and the residue was distilled at 7 mm. Hg to give 95 grams of material boiling essentially from 161 to 170 degrees centigrade and 22 grams of material boiling from 170 to 200 degrees centigrade.

The material boiling at 161 to 170 degrees centigrade analyzed 20.2 percent chlorine, 6.8 percent nitrogen. Recrystallization of the 161 to 170 degree centigrade fraction from hexane gave 43 grams containing 19.4 percent chlorine. Another crystallization gave 21 grams containing 18.2 percent chlorine. The theoretical weight for isopropyl 3-chlorophenyl carbamate would be 213 grams and 16.6 percent chlorine content.

Example 4 USE OF SODA ASH IN REARRANGEMENT OF 3-CHLORO- BENZAMIDE 3-chlorobenzamide (155.5 grams, 1.0 mole) was added toa suspension of commercial soda ash (2.0 moles) in commercial methanol (2 litres). Chlorine gas (85 grams, 1.2 moles) was introduced into the agitated mixture at 64 to 66 degrees centigrade during a period of one hour. After the chlorine addition, methanol (1800 ml.) was distilled from the mixture at atmospheric pressure. The resulting slurry was poured into water (2 litres), agitated, filtered, and the precipitate was washed with water and dried. The tan colored product was obtained in theoretical weight (185 grams) and had a last crystal point of 8.8 degrees centigrade, corresponding to 96.0 mole percent purity of methyl-3-chlorophenyl carbamate. One recrystallization from a mixture of benzene and hexane gave 177 grams of product having an ordinary capillary melting point of 83.2 to 83.9 degrees centigrade and an accurate last crystal point of 83.7 degrees centigrade corresponding to 99.7 mole percent purity; yield of substantially 100 percent quality product was therefore 95 percent of the theoretical. Recovery of the inorganic material was 99-100 percent of of theory, and consisted mainly of soda ash and sodium chloride with only a few percent of sodium bicarbonate, which reverts to soda ash under the conditions specified for conducting the reaction.

nsn jon vA-mons COMPOUNDS IN REARRANGEMENT l r or aonnononnnzanrnn Parzf A. Potassium carbonate.--Chlorine gas (1.2 moles) was introduced into an agitatedmixture of potassium carbonate (1.5 moles), 3-chlorobenzamide (1.0 mole ),:and'methanol (1.0 litre) at 64 to 67 degrees centigrade. Upon completion of the chlorine addition, about 70' percent of the methanol was distilled at atmospheric pressure 'andthen the remainder of the methanol was removed by azeotropic distillation with benzene. The boiling benzene mixture was filtered and the insoluble inorganic salts were washed with hot benzene. The filtrate was concentrated on the steam bath till boiling ceased and then 212 grams of hexane was added. Crystallization from the benezenehexane solution gave 149 grams of methyl 3-chlorophenyl carbamate (80.4 percent yield).

Part B.-The reaction conditions reported in Part A were duplicated except that the following compounds, sodium bicarbonate, sodium borate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide were used instead of the potassium carbonate. The results of using these compounds are tabulated in table TABLE Compound Used Product-Methyl-3- Chlorophenyl Carbamate Example No.

Yield, Yield, M. P. Name Moles Grams percent R nge,

commercial soda 21511.. 1. O 177 83. 7 potassium carbonate 1. 5 149 80. 4 sodium bicarbonate 4. 0 165 8283 sodium borate 2. 0 126 67. 5 82.3-83. 7 calcium oxide.-. 1. 5 167 90 83. 9 84. 6 Calcium oxide... 1. 0 73 81-83 Nfl COg 1.0 1. Calcium hydroxide.. 2 158 86 82. 0-83 4 5G barium oxide 2 73 78- Example 6 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON REARRANGEMENT OF AMIDES Part A.Chlorine (71 grams, 1.0 mole) was passed into a methanol (2 litre) solution of 3-chlor0benzamide (155.5 grams, 1.0 mole) containing soda ash (2.0 moles) at 12 to 20 degrees centigrade. The cold reaction mixture was distilled at reduced pressure to remove most of the methanol. Dilution of the residue with Water resulted in a disappearance of the odor typical of N-chloro amides and produced a white precipitate, which was shown to be 3-chlorobenzamide of high purity. Methyl 3-chl0rophenyl carbamate was not recovered and only a few percent of methyl 3-chlorobenzoate.

Parz B.This experiment was performed similarly as in Part A, with the exception that heat was applied to 65 degrees centigrade upon completion of the addition of chlorine.

Part C.This experiment was performed similarly as in Part A, with the exception that 2.0 moles of chlorine were introduced into the reaction mixture.

Part D.This experiment was performed similarly as in Part A, with the exception that 106 grams (1.5 moles) of chlorine were introduced at 12-20 degrees centigrade followed by gentle warming to 30 degrees centigrade.

. Part E.--This experiment was performedsimilarly'as in Part B, with the exception that 106 grams (1.5 moles) of chlorinewere introduced.

Part F.-ThlS experiment was performed similarly as in Part E, with the exception that the quantity of :chlorine wasdecreased to 94' grams( 1.3 moles).

The results of the above experiments are tabulated in table TABLE Efiect of temperature on rearrangement of amzdes Example Temp. Amount Yield,

No. f Range, O. of 01 Product percent Moles 4 64-66 1.2 methyl 3-0hlorophenylcar: 95

s hi if' 'd -e oro enzami e 6A {methyl3-chlorobenzoate... methyl 3-chloropheny1car- 69 6B 65 1.0 bamate.

. methyl 3-chlorobenzoate--. 6O 12-20 2.0 methyl 3-chlorobenzoate 96 N-3-chlor0phenyl-N-3 28 6D 12-20,warm 1.5 chloro-benzoylurea.

a to 30. methyl3-chlorobenzoate.-- methyl 3-ehlorophenylcar- 23 6E--; 65 1.5 bamate.

. methyl S-chlorobenzoate... 65 methyl 3-chlorophenylcar- 31 6F 65 1.3 bamate.

- methyl 3-chlorobenzoate... 6G 78, 10 p.s.i-.. 2. 0 methyl a-ehlorophenylcar- 83. 4

bamate.

Example 7 USE OF ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN Part A.Ch1orine (71 grams, 1.0 moles) was passed into an ethylene chlorohydrin (2 litres) solution of 3- chlorobenzarnide (155.5 grams, 1.0 mole) containing soda ash (5.0 moles) at 10 to 15 degrees centigrade. The reaction mixture was then warmed during'a'period of 0.5 hoursfto 70 degrees centigrade and maintained at that temperature for 0.5 hour. The mixture was cooled and filtered. to give a white solid mixture. .The solid was washed exhaustively with water and the water-insoluble solid -,was dried." It was found to be N3'-chlorophenyl N-3-chlorobenzoy1 urea; yield, 73 percent.

Part,B.-.--Chlorine (85 grams, 1.2 moles) was passed into an ethylene-chlorohydrin (2'litres) solution of3- chlorobenzamide (155.5 grams, 1.0 mole) containing soda ash (5.0' moles) at 65 to 70 degrees centigrade, The cooled reaction mixture was filteredto remove inorganic material and distilled at reducedpressure to remove most of the ethylene chlorohydrin. The remainder of the ethylene chlorohydrin was displaced by distillation with xylene. The cooled xylene solution was filtered and the solid found to contain only a trace of inorganic material and a 46 percent recovery of unchanged 3-chlorobenzamide. The xylene filtrateWas distilled to a pot temperature of 150 degrees centigrade at 5 mm. The organic residue (yieldbased on recovered amide, 92%) analyzed fora mixture of Z-chloroethyl N3, X-dichlorophenyl carbamate.

Found-percent CI, 36.4; percent N, 5.6; active chlorine. (1 hour reflux with alcoholic caustic), 11.6%. Calcd.--percent Cl, 30.4; percent N, 6.0 for 2-chloroethyl N-3-chlorophenyl cal'bamate percent C1,. 39.6; percent .N, 5.2 for 2-chloroethyl N-3, Y-dichlorophenyl carbamate.

.Part C.-This experiment was initially as in Part A,

however, after'the additions the cold mixturewas then,

7 Example 8 manner on QUANTITY or onnonmn J Part A.Experiments were performed similarly Example 4, with variations in the quantity of chlorine which was passed into the mixture. Using the theoretical quantityof chlorine (1 mole), and a 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 percent excess of-the theoretical quantity, the yields of pure methyl 3-chlorophenyl carbamate which were obtained were 86, 93.9, 95.4, 93.5, 83.0 and 69 percent,

respectively. Only in the case of the use of the theoret ical quantity of chlorine was there a significant quantity of unreacted 3-chlorobenzamide. of methyl 3-chlorophenyl carbamate with the use of 50 and 100 percent excess of chlorine was accompanied. by an increase in the yield of more highly chlorinated carbamates.

Part B.--Experiments were performed similarly as in Example 7, Part B, with variations in the quantity of chlorine which was passed into the mixture. Using 20 percent excess (1.2 moles) of the theoretical quantity of chlorine to form 2-chloroethyl N-3-chlorophenyl carbamate, there was obtained a 59 percent recovery of unreacted 3-chlorobenzamide and a product containing a large percentage of 2-chloroethyl N-3, X-dichlorophenyl. carbamate. By increasing the quantity of chlorinepro gressively from, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 to 2.2'rnoles, there.

were obtained recoveries of3achlorobnzamide of 26, 19,

10, 3, and zero percent, respectively. The quantity of 2-.

chloi"oe 1 :l1 yl N-3, X-dichlorophenyl carbamate increased as the quantity of chlorine was increased and was ob-. tained in 84 percentvconversion using 2.2 moles of chlorine per mole of 3-'chlorobenzamide. Calcd: 'for2-chloroethyl N 3, X-dichlofophenyl carbamate percent Cl, 39.6; percent N, 5.2. Found: percent Cl,-.38 .9; percent-N, 5.2. I r

-.l;lydr olysis of th rod'uct withalcolioliecaustidgave the.N-3, X dichlorophei1yloxazolidone, M.P. 79 C.

Rart'.C.- esults, similar to .those obtained inpart B were" observed when the3-chlorobenzarnide was replaced.

.henzamide. For'example, when 1.2moles of chlorine wereintroduced into the reaction mixture, there was obtained a 48 percent recovery of unreacted benzamide and an .88 percent yield ofessentially 2-chloroethyl N-x;

chlorophenyl carbamate. Using 2.2 moles of chlorine,

there was obtained-no benzamide and an 89 percent yield' of 2 chloroethyl N-X-chlorophenyl carbamate.

[Calcdz percent 1C1, 30.4; percent. active Cl, Foundi percent Cl, 30.9; percent active Cl, 14.9,

;As;.the quantity of chlorine is=increasd to 3.2 moles per molelof benzarnide, the product approaches the analy added dropwise to 500 m1. ethylene chlorohydrin mainsis 'rer' Z-chlQrOethyII-N-X,.Y-dichlorophenyl carbarnate; the total-chlorine content increasing to 37.0 per'ce'nt and. theactive'chlorine content decreasingto 13.3 percent.

The rate ofpassage of the chlorine has been varied 7 from 9 minutes to"3,ho'urs with little or no effect on the, yield-of'carbamate, Similarly, the use of nitrogen as" a r diluent for the chlorinedid not have a significantefiec t es s:

I l Example 9 I 'sohvrifirsnon REARRANGEMENT REACTIONS gt Part A.-It is the usual practice of this inventiontq use an excess of the alcohol which is a reactant to pro vide fluidimedium which is readily agitated. 'Irilthe preparation of certain, oarbamates, the quantity of alcohol employed is usually: well in. excess of ,that necessary to efficient agitation in order to obtain maximum; yields of desired carbarn'ates. For example; using 1;2 moles'chlorine per 1.0 mole S-chlorobenzamide, 2.0 moles soda as and varying the weigh-tratio of methanol to amide'fron r :9 15.3 to 10.2 to 5.1, there was obtained yieldsof pure methyl S-chlorophenylearbamate of 95.0%, 95.9% and f 86 1% respe ctively.; V V phi-The solubilitygof the soda'ash'in' The decrease in yield Part C.-In certain cases, the largeexcess 'alcoho'l'employed in the rearrangement reaction presents recovery difficulties. In order to overcome this objectionable feature, both carbon tetrachloride and monochloroben'zene have served well to replace as much as 75% of the quantityof alcohol without markedly eifecting the yields. For example, by introducing 2.2 moles chlorine into a mixture comprising soda ash (3.3 moles), benzamide (1 mole), ethylenechlorohydrin (500 ml), and carbon tetrachloride (1500 ml.'), the product analyzed 34.6% chlorine and 13.0% active chlorine, thus cor-responding well for 2- chloroethyl chlorophenyl carbamates.

Part D.A solution of chlorine (85.2 grams) in carbon tetrachloride (520 ml.) was added dropwise to a suspension of soda ash (212 grams) and 3-chlorobenzamide (155.5 grams) in methanol (1 litre). The addition was performed during a period of 2 -hours at a pot temperature of 58-65. The remaining methanol and carbon tetrachloride were removed by distillation and replaced by benzene before filtering to remove the inorganic materials. Evaporation of the benzene from the filtrate and crystallization of the residue from a mixture of benzene (66 grams) and hexane (212 grams) 'gave 144 grams of methyl 3-chlorophenyl carbamate having a. melting range of 7081 C.

Example RECOVERY OF CARBAMATES FROM REACTION" MIXTURE Upon completion of the addition of the chlorinefthe excessof alcohol or solvent has been recovered by distilw lation both at atmospheric pressures. and, at reduced pressures. It has often been convenient to add benzene,

monochlorobenzene, toluene, and xylene to the mixture.

to'complete the removal of the last portion of the alcohol by means of distillation. When such Water-insoluble liquid ingredients are employed and after the alcohol has been recovered, water is added to form a two phase liquid-liquid system, one phase consisting of the car bamate dissolved in the water-immisable liquid ingredient and the other phase consisting of an aqueous solution of inorganic materials. The phases are separated, and that containing the carbamate has been used as such or has been crystallized from the solvent, or recovered by distillation. Instead of employing water to remove the inorganic material, it has been perfectly satisfactory to remove the inorganic material simply byfiltration. In many cases, no extraneous organic solvent'is employed. In these instances, the slurry obtainedafter 'distillationof thealcohol has been added to cool water to dissolve the inorganic material and precipitate'the carbamate, whereupon simple separation furnishes the product. Often, warm water has been added in order to maintain -a fluid state of the c-arbamate, which permits a liquid-liquid separation instead of a filtration in casethe c'arbama'te is a solid at ordinary temperatures. All of these variations, with and without the addition of commonly accepted methods for recovery of products, have been applied in particular to the preparation of methyl 3-chlorophenyl carbamate, methyl phenyl carbamate, and 2-chloroethyl 3-chlorophenyl carbamate. The yields have been constant within about 9%, and a substantial portion of this variance may have been within experimental errors.

Example 1] QUANTITY OF SODA ASH By performing the rearrangement of 3-chlorobenzamide to methyl 3-chlorophenyl carbamate similarly as described in Example 4, with the exception only 1.25 moles soda ash were employed, the yield of .pure product was 95.4%.

The formation of 2-chloroethy1 phenyl carbamates has resulted in high yield using as much as 6 moles of soda ash a'nd as little as 2.0 moles of soda ash. When it "is desirable to obtain a product containing chlorine in excess of that contained in the amide used as the starting material, increased quantities of soda ash are desirable to obtain optimum conversions. For example, the minimum quantity of soda ash for the optimum formation of 2-chloroethyl N-3, X-dichlorophenyl carbamate is about 2.3 moles per mole of 3-chlorobenzamide.

Example 12 PREPARATION OF METHYL N-PHENYL CARBAMATE Chlorine (106 grams, 1.3 moles), soda ash (212 grams, 2.0 moles), and methanol (2 litres) during a period of 25 minutes at 65 C. At the conclusion of the addition of chlorine, methanol (700 ml.) was removed by atmospheric distillation of the orange reaction mixture. The remainder wascooled and poured onto cold water. The resulting oil was extracted with benzene and distilled to give 152 grams of methyl N-phenyl carbamate P.B.-R.-

102-l07 C. at 3.5 to 4 mm. Hg). One crystallization from hexane gave the pure product (M.P. 48.248.8 C.,

0.1% chlorine, 9.0% nitrogen).

Example 13 PREPARATION OF METHYLBfi-DICHLOROPHENYL CARBAMATE was filtered to remove inorganic material and the inorgainic precipitate was washed well with warm benzene.

The benzene filtrate was evaporated to a weight of 283 grams, whereupon 315 ml. of hexane were added for mixed solvent crystallization. There was obtained 172 grams of methyl 2,5-dichlorophenyl carbamate. After recrystallization, it analyzed 32.0% chlorine, 6.29% nitrogen, and had a M.P. of 70.27l'.0 C. (theory: 32.3% chlorine, 6.36% nitrogen).

Example 14 PREPARATION OF OTHER METHYL N-PHENYL 'CARBAMATES 2'chloro-5-nitrobenzarnide, 4-methylbenzamide, 3- methylbenzamide, 4-methoxybenzamide, S-methoxybeflzamide, 2-methoxybenzamide, and 2-chlorophenoxyacetamide were treated with chlorine, methanol, and soda ash V similarly as in Example 4. In each case, the carbamate was separated from varying quantities of unreacted amide by virtue of the decrea'sed solubility after the amide in benzene or in mixtures of benzene and hexane. Methyl 2-chloro-5-nitrophenyl carbamate (found 12.1% n'ittogen; calcd. 12.15% nitrogen) and methyl 4-methylphen'yl carbamate (found 8.6% nitrogen; calcd. 8.5% nitrogen) v were obtained in 80-86% yields with little or no nineacted amide beingpresent. In the preparation of methyl N-(2-chlorophenoxymethyl) carbamate, methyl 4-n1ethoxyphenyl carbama'te, methyl 3-methoxyphenyl 'carbamate, methyl 2-methoxyphenyl carbar'nate, and methyl 3-methylphenyl carbamat'e, the conversions varied from 22 to 65% due to the recovery of appreciable quantities of unreacted amides.

The compounds o'fthis invention are useful for various purposes as chemical intermediates in making herbicides,

.. adhesivesjfoa'ms, a'nd'thelike. The compoundsfind'par tict lar application as herbicides a's' is more fully described hereinafter. By employing the chemical reaction depicted herein polyurethanes may be made directly from the diand polyamids. By reacting the carbamates of this invention with a reagent such as phosphorus pentaoxide, or a phosphorus pentachloride, etc., the corresponding di-isocyanates may be prepared. Data showing the herbicidal activity of chloromethylphenyl carbamate (CMPC) and beta-chloroethyl chlorophenyl carbamate (BCECPC) as compared with chloro isopropyl phenyl carbamate (CIPC) was accumulated as follows:

The herbicidal effects of the compound to be tested were compared with the known herbicidal activities of CIPC by the following three types of testing procedures. In the leaf-dip test, single leaves of tomato plants were dipped into the sections containing one gram of the compound and one hundred milliliters of aqueous solvent. In the lanolin paste test solutions of one percent of the compound in lanolin were applied both to areas on the leaf and the stem. In the total spray test, one percent solution of the compound in aqueous solvent were used to wet the entire plant. Results obtained are shown in the following table.

TABLE 1 '18 specific details of given species embraced Within the scope of the invention, it is to be understood that various modifications within the invention are possible, some of which have been referred to above; therefore, we do not wish to be limited except as defined by the appended claims.

This application is a divisional of applicants parent application Serial Number 483,436, filed January 21, 1955, now US. Patent 2,860,166.

We claim:

1. A process for the production of a carbamate which comprises reacting an amide having the structure RCONH where R is an aryl radical, with an alcohol having the structure R-CH OH where R is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an aliphatic radical in the presence of a halogenating agent selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and mixtures thereof, and a base selected from the group consisting of the alkali metal carbonates, bicarbonates, and borates, and alkaline earth carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, oxides and hydroxides.

2. The process of claim 1 wherein the base is sodium carbonate.

The efiects of certain carbamate compounds on plants when applied in various tests Lanolin Paste Total spray Leaf Compound Cucumber Soybean Dip,

Tomato Cotton Soybean Tomato Wheat Total L. St. L. St.

CIPC T1 0 1 4 4 4 4 a 22 CMPC 1 0 1 0 V 4 4 4 4 3 21 y= A ti ,t 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the base is sodium gl i bicarbonate. e r g g ggg i w 4 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the base is potas- Severe 3 sium carbonate. g g r 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the base is sodium None "N 0 borate.

In another series of tests, the relative pre-emergence herbicidal activity of CMPC, BCECPC and CIPC were determined and are given in the following table:

TABLE 2 The efiect of certain carbamate compounds on plants when applied by preemergence application From a consideration of the foregoing data it is apparcut that each of the compounds tested are active herbi- 6 cides. V

Although this invention has been illustrated by citing 6. The process of claim 1 wherein the base is calcium hydroxide.

7. The process of claim 1 wherein the amide is an aromatic.

8. The process of claim 1 wherein the amide is n-chloro amide.

9. The process of claim 8 wherein the amide is N-' chloro-m-chlorobenzamide.

10. The process of claim 7 wherein the aromatic amide is a benzamide.

11. The process of claim 10 wherein the benzamide is a chlorobenzamide.

12. The process of claim 11 wherein the chlorobenzamide is m-chlorobenzamide.

13. The process of claim 1 wherein the halogenating 7 agent is gaseous chlorine.

Elliott: J. Chem. Soc, 121, 202-9 (1922). Organic Reactions, III, 284 (1946) Fieser et 211.: Organic Chemistry,'p. 386 (1950),

2nd ed.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE Certificate of Correction Patent N 0. 2,943,108 June 28, 1960 Jack S. Newcomer et a1.

It is hereby certified that error appears in the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as corrected below. N

Column 8, lines 11 to 18, the right-hand portion of the formula should appear as shown below instead of as in the patent:

NHC1

lines 32 to 39, the right-hand portion of the formula should appear as shown below Instead of as in the patent:

same column 8, line 64, for N -m-chlorophenyl-N-m-chloro read -N-m-ch1orophenyl- N-m-ch1oro; column 11, line 62, for 8.8 read 81.8; column 11, line 71, strike out of, first occurrence; column 18, line 45, for n-chloro read N-chloro.

Signed and sealed this 13th day of June 19 61.

Atteet: r ERNEST W. SWIDER, DAVID L. LADD, Attesting Ojficer. Oomanz'ssz'oner of Patents. 

1. A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A CARBAMATE WHICH COMPRISES REACTING AN AMIDE HAVING THE STRUCTURE R-CONH2 WHERE R IS AN ARYL RADICAL, WITH AN ALCOHOL HAVING THE STRUCTURE R''-CH2OH WHERE R'' IS A MEMBER SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF HYDROGEN AND AN ALIPHATIC RADICAL IN THE PRESENCE OF A HALOGENATING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF CHLORINE, BROMINE AND MIXTURES THEREOF, AND A BASE SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF THE ALKALI METAL CARBONATES, BICARBONATES, AND BORATES, AND ALKALI METAL CARBONATES, BICARBONATES, BORATES, OXIDE AND HYDROXIDES. 